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| ||<#FF8080> THESE INSTRUCTIONS ARE OBSOLETE. DO NOT USE THEM. || | #pragma section-numbers off In 2007, at the time of switch to Peer1 colocation provider and expanding our infrastructure, we decided to use AFS (OpenAFS) as the basis for our technical setup. AFS is, strictly speaking, just a distributed filesystem, but it mandates usage of Kerberos and has a whole set of its own rules. Since we have decided to keep all our data files in AFS, the config and init scripts of most (if not all) services had to be modified to support AFS. We have configured all traditional Unix services, DomTool, Exim and even MySQL and PostgreSQL to use AFS, and where possible, services fork processes under corresponding user privileges and obtain users' AFS identity. (Although as of Jan 2010, databases are no longer in AFS but on the usual Ext3 partitions. This was needed to solve database performance and reliability issues, and was made possible with the purchase of the new machine, so one of the old machines could be rearranged to perform new tasks). <<TableOfContents>> |
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| Using the shared filesystem involves a combination of LDAP, Kerberos, and OpenAFS. DavorOcelic might fill in more information here. :-) | Using the shared filesystem involves a combination of Kerberos and OpenAFS. |
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| The `/afs` tree contains shared filesystems. `/afs/hcoop.net` (symlinked from `/afs/hcoop` as well) is our piece of the AFS-o-sphere. Subdirectories include: | The `/afs` tree contains shared filesystems. `/afs/hcoop.net` (symlinked from `/afs/hcoop` as well) is our piece of the AFS-o-sphere, but is not (yet) listed in the global CellServDB. |
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| * `/afs/hcoop.net/usr`, the home of home directories * `/afs/hcoop.net/usr/$USERNAME/home`, `$USERNAME`'s home directory |
Subdirectories include: * `/afs/hcoop.net/user`, the home of home directories * `/afs/hcoop.net/user/U/US/$USERNAME`, `$USERNAME`'s home directory |
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| * `/afs/hcoop.net/common/databases`, databases (no longer used) | |
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| = Connecting to AFS from an HCoop server = | = Connecting to AFS = |
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| I found this handy summary of the commands that must be run: http://www.eos.ncsu.edu/remoteaccess/LinuxOpenAfs/kreset_debian/kreset |
Upon login (which goes through PAM krb5 and afs modules), Kerberos ticket and AFS token should automatically be initialized for the user, and they should find themselves in their home directory. |
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| On our servers, it seems sufficient to run: {{{kinit aklog}}} |
Users wishing to manually authenticate can run '''kinit''' and '''aklog''' (see manpages for all options) to obtain ticket and token, and '''klist -5f''' and '''tokens''' to verify. |
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| These should be run automatically if you log in normally, but admins `sudo`ing around to different users seem to need to run `aklog` manually to access AFS. | Also, AFS is a distributed filesystem and allows access from users' workstations. Using '''kinit''' and '''aklog''' cmdline switches, one can remotely authenticate to cell HCOOP.NET and then directly SSH to HCoop without a password, or better yet, access their home directory from their local workstation, in `/afs/hcoop.net/user/U/US/$USERNAME`. |
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| = The kadmin shell = | = Users and tokens = |
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| Many Kerberos administration commands are run from a special shell. Enter it as root by running `sudo kadmin.local`. | Every HCoop user "owns" a Kerberos principal and AFS PTS entry named after their username. This "account" is intended to be used only interactively (people using it). |
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| = Creating a new user = | For each, there's also another principal named "$USER/daemon" in Kerberos (and "$USER.daemon" in AFS). This principal's key is exported into file `/etc/keytabs/user.daemon/$USER` on all relevant machines and is chown-ed to the user's Unix account. This allows users' batch/noninteractive scripts to authenticate to Krb/AFS using password from a file. |
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| We follow the convention that Kerberos users for daemons are named `$DAEMON/$HOST`, where `$DAEMON` is the name of the daemon (for instance, the name of its `/etc/init.d` file) and `$HOST` is the primary fully-qualified domain name for the host where the daemon runs. | This also allow for more fine-grained control as permissions need to be explicitly granted to $USER.daemon in order to do anything with the data. So even if the service running under certain Unix user (or root!) is compromised, the attacker's choice of action will be minimal. |
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| To add the Kerberos principal for a daemon, run this in kadmin:{{{ addprinc -randkey -policy host $DAEMON/$HOST}}} |
Furthermore, user tickets and tokens expire periodically. One has to either invoke kinit/aklog again, or set up tools such as '''k5start''' to perform automatic renewal. |
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| AFS users exist separately from Kerberos principals. To add the AFS user for a daemon to which you want to assign UID `$UID`, run:{{{ pts createuser -name $DAEMON.$HOST -id $UID}}} Note the period, not slash, between `$DAEMON` and `$HOST`. The `-id $UID` can be omitted if you want a randomly-generated UID. |
= Privileges = |
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| "keytab" files smooth the way to running daemons that run with AFS privileges. An access-protected local file contains a user's credentials, and daemons read these files on starting up in order to authenticate. | AFS uses ACLs, a more elaborate permissions model than the traditional Unix rwx modes. (Although the advantage is not that great any more, with the availability of POSIX ACLs for Linux). |
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| To create a keytab for a daemon, run this in kadmin:{{{ ktadd -k /etc/keytabs/$DAEMON.keytab -e "des3-hmac-sha1:normal rc4-hmac:normal" $DAEMON/$HOST}}} |
However, there are a few intrinsic AFS properties that must be mentioned: 1. AFS ACLs are per directory. All contained files inherit directory's ACL. (A subdirectory can define its own ACLs, of course). 1. When a subdirectory is created, it inherits ACL of its parent. (Much better approach than as with Unix filesystems where you need +s on the immediate parent directory to get this behavior). 1. It's possible to make user files unreadable to an attacker, even if they break in the "root" account on the machine == Permissions and quota == To give $USER.daemon the actual permission in AFS space, for most common actions, `fs setacl DIR $USER.daemon read` or `write` are good. All subdirectories that get created within that toplevel directory for which you give permissions, will, as said, inherit all the permissions, and this is what you want in 99% of the cases. == Listing and setting quotas == To list volume quota, run{{{ fs lq DIR }}} To set volume quota in 1-kilobyte blocks, run{{{ fs sq DIR -max SIZE }}} = Problems = HCoop members have so far reported the following problems with AFS: * They can not access files (Permission denied). This happens when their ticket/token expires in a long-running SSH session, or (most notably) when they detach a SCREEN session and return later. Solution is to manually run kinit/aklog or have k5start running in the background. * They can not access files (Timed out). Sometimes the volume is marked as needing salvage and becomes inaccessible. It is needed to run "vos salvage" on the user volume (not the whole partition!). * They can not access files (Timed out). Sometimes this is due to perceived inaccessibility of the fileserver. It helps if one runs '''fs checks; fs checkv'''. ---- CategorySystemAdministration |
In 2007, at the time of switch to Peer1 colocation provider and expanding our infrastructure, we decided to use AFS (OpenAFS) as the basis for our technical setup.
AFS is, strictly speaking, just a distributed filesystem, but it mandates usage of Kerberos and has a whole set of its own rules. Since we have decided to keep all our data files in AFS, the config and init scripts of most (if not all) services had to be modified to support AFS.
We have configured all traditional Unix services, DomTool, Exim and even MySQL and PostgreSQL to use AFS, and where possible, services fork processes under corresponding user privileges and obtain users' AFS identity. (Although as of Jan 2010, databases are no longer in AFS but on the usual Ext3 partitions. This was needed to solve database performance and reliability issues, and was made possible with the purchase of the new machine, so one of the old machines could be rearranged to perform new tasks).
Contents
Basic Architecture
Using the shared filesystem involves a combination of Kerberos and OpenAFS.
File conventions
The /afs tree contains shared filesystems. /afs/hcoop.net (symlinked from /afs/hcoop as well) is our piece of the AFS-o-sphere, but is not (yet) listed in the global CellServDB.
Subdirectories include:
/afs/hcoop.net/user, the home of home directories
/afs/hcoop.net/user/U/US/$USERNAME, $USERNAME's home directory
/afs/hcoop.net/common/etc, the home of non-platform-specific fun stuff like DomTool
/afs/hcoop.net/common/databases, databases (no longer used)
Connecting to AFS
Upon login (which goes through PAM krb5 and afs modules), Kerberos ticket and AFS token should automatically be initialized for the user, and they should find themselves in their home directory.
Users wishing to manually authenticate can run kinit and aklog (see manpages for all options) to obtain ticket and token, and klist -5f and tokens to verify.
Also, AFS is a distributed filesystem and allows access from users' workstations. Using kinit and aklog cmdline switches, one can remotely authenticate to cell HCOOP.NET and then directly SSH to HCoop without a password, or better yet, access their home directory from their local workstation, in /afs/hcoop.net/user/U/US/$USERNAME.
Users and tokens
Every HCoop user "owns" a Kerberos principal and AFS PTS entry named after their username. This "account" is intended to be used only interactively (people using it).
For each, there's also another principal named "$USER/daemon" in Kerberos (and "$USER.daemon" in AFS). This principal's key is exported into file /etc/keytabs/user.daemon/$USER on all relevant machines and is chown-ed to the user's Unix account. This allows users' batch/noninteractive scripts to authenticate to Krb/AFS using password from a file.
This also allow for more fine-grained control as permissions need to be explicitly granted to $USER.daemon in order to do anything with the data. So even if the service running under certain Unix user (or root!) is compromised, the attacker's choice of action will be minimal.
Furthermore, user tickets and tokens expire periodically. One has to either invoke kinit/aklog again, or set up tools such as k5start to perform automatic renewal.
Privileges
AFS uses ACLs, a more elaborate permissions model than the traditional Unix rwx modes. (Although the advantage is not that great any more, with the availability of POSIX ACLs for Linux).
However, there are a few intrinsic AFS properties that must be mentioned:
- AFS ACLs are per directory. All contained files inherit directory's ACL. (A subdirectory can define its own ACLs, of course).
- When a subdirectory is created, it inherits ACL of its parent. (Much better approach than as with Unix filesystems where you need +s on the immediate parent directory to get this behavior).
- It's possible to make user files unreadable to an attacker, even if they break in the "root" account on the machine
Permissions and quota
To give $USER.daemon the actual permission in AFS space, for most common actions, fs setacl DIR $USER.daemon read or write are good. All subdirectories that get created within that toplevel directory for which you give permissions, will, as said, inherit all the permissions, and this is what you want in 99% of the cases.
Listing and setting quotas
To list volume quota, run
fs lq DIR
To set volume quota in 1-kilobyte blocks, run
fs sq DIR -max SIZE
Problems
HCoop members have so far reported the following problems with AFS:
- They can not access files (Permission denied). This happens when their ticket/token expires in a long-running SSH session, or (most notably) when they detach a SCREEN session and return later. Solution is to manually run kinit/aklog or have k5start running in the background.
- They can not access files (Timed out). Sometimes the volume is marked as needing salvage and becomes inaccessible. It is needed to run "vos salvage" on the user volume (not the whole partition!).
They can not access files (Timed out). Sometimes this is due to perceived inaccessibility of the fileserver. It helps if one runs fs checks; fs checkv.